Neurological rehabilitation

Neurorehabilitation is the restoration of nervous system function after damage. It involves the recovery of the nervous system and also of other organ systems, above all the musculoskeletal system. Neurorehabilitation is a complex medical discipline that brings together a number of medical specialties, such as physiatry, neurology, neurosurgery, intensive care medicine and many others, which can be complemented by allied health professions such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy, nursing care and robotics, as well as by the non-healthcare environment (e.g. the family) and the work and social environment. Damage affecting the central and peripheral nervous system can have different causes and pathogenesis (vascular, metabolic, traumatic, genetic or neurodegenerative).

Neurorehabilitation of children and adults enables a person to return to their usual daily activities after nervous system dysfunction. The diseases that can affect the central and also the peripheral nervous system have very different causes, and they leave the nervous system – and everything the central nervous system controls – unable to function. Many neurological diseases have always been a challenge for doctors. The nervous system consists of the structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central structures are the brain, the cerebellum and, in a broader sense, the spinal cord, while the peripheral system is made up of the nerves that leave the spinal cord and end in the tissues (the organs of the chest and abdominal cavities, muscles, tendons and skin).

Various diseases and conditions can affect the nervous system: from neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's disease, dementias and others) and vascular diseases (vasculitis, atherosclerosis, haemorrhage, cerebrovascular accident), through autoimmune diseases of the nervous system (multiple sclerosis) and diseases of the nerve roots (radicular syndromes, disc–nerve root conflict, nerve sheath tumours, peripheral nerve damage), to malignant diseases of the brain, the meninges and other neurological structures. With the help of new knowledge, medicines and technology, neurorehabilitation is making enormous progress in the treatment of neurological patients every day.

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Central nervous system – brain

The consequences of stroke, traumatic brain injury, autoimmune and neurodegenerative brain diseases, postoperative conditions after brain tumour surgery, infections of the central nervous system, the toxic effects of alcohol and drug abuse can damage the sensitive and delicate tissue of the brain and cause severe deficits.

centralni-zivcani-sustav-kraljeznica

Central nervous system – spinal cord

The spinal cord – within the spine – together with the brain makes up the central nervous system, both developmentally and functionally, because it connects the brain with the peripheral nerves, while the problems and diseases that affect it are transmitted and manifest above all in the periphery.

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Peripheral nervous system – nerve roots

There are a number of syndromes characterised by damage to the nerve roots and peripheral nerves, which we call polyradiculopathy and polyneuropathy. They differ in their time of onset.

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Peripheral nervous system – nerve endings

Polyneuropathies are conditions that affect the peripheral nerves, most often several at once but also individually, in which case we call it mononeuropathy. The clinical course and presentation are dominated by symmetrical distribution and slow progression.

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Muscular system – myopathies/dystrophies

A large group of muscle diseases whose diagnosis is very complex and often involves several medical disciplines; treatment is challenging and, to a large extent, looks to the future.

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